|
|
Tonga: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) |
72 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) |
9 |
| Percent Forest Cover |
13 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) |
4 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest |
44 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) |
0 |
| Percent other wooded land |
0 |
Tonga: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
4 |
44 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
4 |
44 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
1 |
11 |
Tonga: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Tonga: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 8 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0.0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Tonga: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Tonga: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Tonga: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production |
Protection of soil and water |
Conservation of biodiversity |
Social services |
Multiple use |
Other |
None or unknown |
| 11 |
7 |
82 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tonga: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership |
Private ownership |
Other |
| 56 |
44 |
0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals |
Business entities and institutions |
Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - |
- |
- |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration |
Individuals |
Business entities and Institutions |
Communities |
Other |
| 80 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
Tonga: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) |
Per hectare
(m3) |
Coniferous
(million m3) |
Broadleaved
(million m3) |
% commercial species |
| 1 |
156 |
- |
- |
43 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) |
Per hectare (m3) |
Coniferous (million m3) |
Broadleaved (million m3) |
% commercial species |
| 0 |
- |
|
|
|
Tonga: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
|
|
|
2000 |
|
|
|
114 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tonga: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha |
% wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 0 |
- |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects |
Diseases |
Other biotic agents |
Abiotic factors |
Total (excluding fire) |
% of 2005 forest area |
| - |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tonga: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 2 |
2 |
1 |
58 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 50 |
50 |
45 |
67 |
Tonga: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) |
Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood |
Woodfuel |
NWFP |
Total |
|
| n.s. |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Tonga: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
在初级职业DUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
Tonga: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2008)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2005) Under revision
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1961) Sub-national forest law: No
Tonga: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
| # |
% female |
# |
% female |
# |
% female |
| 5 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
Tonga: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue |
Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
|
Domestic funding |
External funding |
Total |
| (1000 US$) |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
| 26 |
201 |
21 |
15 |
36 |
216 |
57 |
Tonga: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:UNFCCC:Kyoto Protocol:UNCCD:ITTA:CITeS:Ramsar:World Heritage Convention:NlbI:[an error occurred while processing this directive]Tonga: Environment
| Environment - current issues |
deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations |
| Environment - international agreements |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Natural hazards |
cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou |
Tonga: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) |
arable land: 23.61%
permanent crops: 43.06%
other: 33.33% (2001) |
| Natural resources |
fish, fertile soil |
Tonga: Economy
| Economy - overview: |
汤加、经济一个开放、南太平洋的小岛上, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government. |
| GDP - per capita |
$2,300 (2002 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate (%) |
1.5% (2002 est.) |
| Agriculture - products |
squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish |
| GDP - composition by sector (%) |
agriculture: 23%, industry: 13%, services: 64% (2002 est.) |
| Industries |
tourism, fishing |
| Economic aid - recipient |
Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02) |
| Debt - external |
$63.4 million (2001) |
| Population below poverty line (%) |
NA |
| Labor force - by occupation (%) |
agriculture 65% (1997 est.) |
Tonga: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) |
112,422 |
| Population growth rate (%) (2005) |
1.98% |
| Population density (people/sq km) (2005) |
156.6 |
| Percent rural (2003) |
66.6% |
| Median age (years) |
total: 20.46 years |
| Total fertility rate (children born/woman) |
3 (2005 est.) |
| Ethnic groups (%) |
Polynesian, Europeans about 300 |
[an error occurred while processing this directive]-->汤加:基础设施
| Telephones - main lines in use |
11,200 (2002) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular |
9,000 (2004) |
| Roadways (km) |
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.) |
Tonga: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) |
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years
female: 72.14 years (2005 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate |
12.62 deaths/1,000 live births |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) |
NA |
Tonga : References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com |
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Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005