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Madagascar Forest Information and DataAccording to the U.N. FAO,21.6% or about 12,553,000 ha of Madagascar is forested, according to FAO. Of this 24.2% ( 3,036,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Madagascar had 415,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Madagascar lost an average of 56,950 ha or 0.42% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Madagascar lost 8.3% of its forest cover, or around 1,139,000 ha.
马达加斯加的森林包含16.26亿公吨tons of carbon in living forest biomass. Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Madagascar has some 1036 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 72.1% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 15.1% are threatened. Madagascar is home to at least 9505 species of vascular plants, of which 68.4% are endemic. 2.4% of Madagascar is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper inPNASwithnew carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) |
10% tree cover |
25% tree cover |
30% tree cover |
| Forest Area (M ha) |
27 |
17 |
13 |
| Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) |
1,180 |
893 |
798 |
| Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) |
352 |
261 |
230 |
| Total forest carbon (Mt C) |
1,532 |
1,154 |
1,028 |
| Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) |
58 |
70 |
78 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Madagascar Environmental profile|Madagascar pictures
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Madagascar
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Madagascar: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) |
58154 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) |
12553 |
| Percent Forest Cover |
22 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) |
3036 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest |
24 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) |
15688 |
| Percent other wooded land |
27 |
Madagascar: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
3036 |
24 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
9102 |
73 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
415 |
3 |
Madagascar: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 13692 |
13122 |
12838 |
12553 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-57 |
-57 |
-57 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-0.42 |
-0.44 |
-0.45 |
|
Madagascar: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 13461 |
12850 |
12548 |
12138 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-61 |
-61 |
-71 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-0.5 |
-0.45 |
-0.55 |
|
Madagascar: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 3367 |
3214 |
3137 |
3036 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-15 |
-15 |
-20 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
-0.46 |
-0.48 |
-0.65 |
|
Madagascar: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 231 |
272 |
290 |
415 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
4 |
4 |
25 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
1.65 |
1.29 |
7.43 |
|
Madagascar: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production |
Protection of soil and water |
Conservation of biodiversity |
Social services |
Multiple use |
Other |
None or unknown |
| 26 |
1 |
38 |
0 |
34 |
0 |
0 |
Madagascar: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership |
Private ownership |
Other |
| 98 |
2 |
0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals |
Business entities and institutions |
Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 92 |
0 |
8 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration |
Individuals |
Business entities and Institutions |
Communities |
Other |
| 96 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
Madagascar: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) |
Per hectare
(m3) |
Coniferous
(million m3) |
Broadleaved
(million m3) |
% commercial species |
| 2146 |
171 |
- |
- |
28 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) |
Per hectare (m3) |
Coniferous (million m3) |
Broadleaved (million m3) |
% commercial species |
| 706 |
45 |
|
|
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Madagascar: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 1778 |
1691 |
1663 |
1626 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
|
|
|
2000 |
|
|
|
130 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
-9 |
-6 |
-7 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
Madagascar: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha |
% wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 16 |
100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects |
Diseases |
Other biotic agents |
Abiotic factors |
Total (excluding fire) |
% of 2005 forest area |
| 0 |
0 |
0 |
- |
- |
- |
Madagascar: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 928 |
155 |
238 |
100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 8155 |
11084 |
12812 |
100 |
Madagascar: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) |
Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood |
Woodfuel |
NWFP |
Total |
|
| 5 |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
Madagascar: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| - |
- |
- |
在GOODS-FORES初级生产TRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| - |
48 |
- |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| - |
- |
- |
Madagascar: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1997)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: No (-) -
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1997) Sub-national forest law: No
Madagascar: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
| # |
% female |
# |
% female |
# |
% female |
| 1100 |
- |
1100 |
- |
1100 |
- |
Madagascar: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue |
Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
|
Domestic funding |
External funding |
Total |
| (1000 US$) |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
| - |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Madagascar: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:UNFCCC:Kyoto Protocol:UNCCD:ITTA:CITeS:Ramsar:World Heritage Convention:NlbI:[an error occurred while processing this directive]Madagascar: Environment
| Environment - current issues |
soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered |
| Environment - international agreements |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
签署,但没有批准:没有啊f the selected agreements |
| Natural hazards |
periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation |
Madagascar: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) |
arable land: 5.07%
permanent crops: 1.03%
other: 93.91% (2001) |
| Natural resources |
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower |
Madagascar: Economy
| Economy - overview: |
Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the United States. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel are serious concerns. President RAVALOMANANA has worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002 political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that year. Poverty reduction and combating corruption will be the centerpieces of economic policy for the next few years. |
| GDP - per capita |
900美元(2005年美国东部时间)。 |
| GDP - real growth rate (%) |
6.5% (2005 est.) |
| Agriculture - products |
coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products |
| GDP - composition by sector (%) |
agriculture: 28.7%, industry: 16.5%, services: 54.8% (2005 est.) |
| Industries |
meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism |
| Economic aid - recipient |
$354 million (2001) |
| Debt - external |
$4.6 billion (2002) |
| Population below poverty line (%) |
50% (2004 est.) |
Madagascar: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) |
18,040,341 |
| Population growth rate (%) (2005) |
3.03% |
| Population density (people/sq km) (2005) |
31.0 |
| Percent rural (2003) |
73.5% |
| Median age (years) |
total: 17.46 years |
| 总和生育率(出生的孩子/女人) |
5.66 (2005 est.) |
| Ethnic groups (%) |
Malayo-Indonesian(梅里纳和相关Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran |
Largest Cities in Madagascar
Cities and urban areas in Madagascar with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City |
Country |
City Population |
Urban Area Population |
| Antananarivo |
Madagascar |
875200 |
1359600 |
| Toamasina |
Madagascar |
169800 |
169800 |
| Antsirabe |
Madagascar |
155300 |
155300 |
| Fianarantsoa |
Madagascar |
134600 |
134600 |
| Mahajanga |
Madagascar |
131600 |
131600 |
Madagascar: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use |
59,600 (2003) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular |
279,500 (2003) |
| Roadways (km) |
total: 49,827 km
paved: 5,780 km
unpaved: 44,047 km (1999) |
Madagascar: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) |
total population: 56.95 years
male: 54.57 years
female: 59.4 years (2005 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate |
76.83 deaths/1,000 live births |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) |
1.7% (2003 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases |
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004) |
Madagascar : References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com |
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Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005