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India Forest Information and DataAccording to the U.N. FAO,23.0% or about 68,434,000 ha of India is forested, according to FAO. Of this 22.9% ( 15,701,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. India had 10,211,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, India lost an average of 224,750 ha or 0.35% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, India gained 7.0% of its forest cover, or around 4,495,000 ha.
India's forests contain 2,800 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass. Biodiversity and Protected Areas: India has some 2356 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 18.4% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 10.8% are threatened. India is home to at least 18664 species of vascular plants, of which 26.8% are endemic. 4.9% of India is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper inPNASwithnew carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) |
10% tree cover |
25% tree cover |
30% tree cover |
| Forest Area (M ha) |
63 |
43 |
36 |
| Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) |
4,356 |
3,464 |
3,151 |
| Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) |
1,238 |
968 |
873 |
| Total forest carbon (Mt C) |
5,593 |
4,431 |
4,024 |
| Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) |
89 |
104 |
112 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
India Environmental profile|India pictures
The following contains data relating to forest cover in India
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
|
|
India: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) |
297319 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) |
68434 |
| Percent Forest Cover |
23 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) |
15701 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest |
23 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) |
3267 |
| Percent other wooded land |
1 |
India: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
15701 |
23 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
42522 |
62 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) |
10211 |
15 |
India: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 63939 |
65390 |
67709 |
68434 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
145 |
464 |
145 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0.22 |
0.70 |
0.21 |
|
India: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 58223 |
58223 |
58223 |
58223 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0.0 |
0 |
0 |
|
印度:森林湾初级或旧的增长趋势r, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 15701 |
15701 |
15701 |
15701 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
India: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 5716 |
7167 |
9486 |
10211 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
145 |
464 |
145 |
|
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
|
1990-2000 |
2000-2005 |
2005-2010 |
|
2.29 |
5.77 |
1.48 |
|
India: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production |
Protection of soil and water |
Conservation of biodiversity |
Social services |
Multiple use |
Other |
None or unknown |
| 25 |
16 |
29 |
0 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
India: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership |
Private ownership |
Other |
| 86 |
14 |
0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals |
Business entities and institutions |
Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - |
- |
- |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration |
Individuals |
Business entities and Institutions |
Communities |
Other |
| 63 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
0 |
India: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) |
Per hectare
(m3) |
Coniferous
(million m3) |
Broadleaved
(million m3) |
% commercial species |
| 5489 |
80 |
550 |
4940 |
26 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) |
Per hectare (m3) |
Coniferous (million m3) |
Broadleaved (million m3) |
% commercial species |
| - |
- |
|
|
|
India: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
| 2223 |
2377 |
2615 |
2800 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
|
|
|
2000 |
|
|
|
41 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
15 |
48 |
37 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
India: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha |
% wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 1605 |
100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects |
Diseases |
Other biotic agents |
Abiotic factors |
Total (excluding fire) |
% of 2005 forest area |
| 839 |
0 |
25499 |
4383 |
29882 |
44 |
India: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 35055 |
41173 |
45957 |
6 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 213169 |
245837 |
260752 |
20 |
India: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) |
Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood |
Woodfuel |
NWFP |
Total |
|
| 6253 |
7095 |
133 |
13481 |
n.s. |
India: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| 6385 |
6078 |
6213 |
在初级PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| 6360 |
6053 |
6188 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
| 25 |
25 |
25 |
India: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1988)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1999) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1927) Sub-national forest law: Yes
India: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
| # |
% female |
# |
% female |
# |
% female |
| 180596 |
4 |
179673 |
4 |
179119 |
4 |
India: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue |
Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
|
Domestic funding |
External funding |
Total |
| (1000 US$) |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
Operational expenditure |
Transfer payments |
| 341819 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
India: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:UNFCCC:Kyoto Protocol:UNCCD:ITTA:CITeS:Ramsar:World Heritage Convention:NlbI:[an error occurred while processing this directive]India: Environment
| Environment - current issues |
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources |
| Environment - international agreements |
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Natural hazards |
droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes |
India: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) |
arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74%
other: 42.86% (2001) |
| Natural resources |
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land |
India: Economy
| Economy - overview: |
印度的多元化的经济包含传统的village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for half of India's output with less than one quarter of its labor force. About two-thirds of the workforce is in agriculture, leading the UPA government to articulate an economic reform program that includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government controls on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas, but high tariffs (averaging 20% on non-agricultural items in 2004) and limits on foreign direct investment are still in place. The government in 2005 liberalized investment in the civil aviation, telecom, and construction sectors. Privatization of government-owned industries essentially came to a halt in 2005, and continues to generate political debate; continued social, political, and economic rigidities hold back needed initiatives. The economy has posted an excellent average growth rate of more than 6.8% in the decade since 1994, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India probably achieved greater than 7 percent GDP growth in 2005, significantly expanding manufacturing. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the combined state and federal budget deficit, running at approximately 9% of GDP. The huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem. |
| GDP - per capita |
$3,400 (2005 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate (%) |
7.1% (2005 est.) |
| Agriculture - products |
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish |
| GDP - composition by sector (%) |
agriculture: 20.6%, industry: 28.1%, services: 51.4% (2005 est.) |
| Industries |
textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software |
| Economic aid - recipient |
$2.9 billion (FY98/99) |
| Debt - external |
$119.7 billion (2005 est.) |
| Population below poverty line (%) |
25% (2002 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation (%) |
agriculture 60%, industry 17%, services 23% (1999) |
India: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) |
1,080,264,388 |
| Population growth rate (%) (2005) |
1.40% |
| Population density (people/sq km) (2005) |
363.3 |
| Percent rural (2003) |
71.7% |
| Median age (years) |
total: 24.66 years |
| Total fertility rate (children born/woman) |
2.78 (2005 est.) |
| Ethnic groups (%) |
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) |
Largest Cities in India
Cities and urban areas in India with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City |
Country |
City Population |
Urban Area Population |
| Mumbai (Bombay) |
India |
12147100 |
12147100 |
| Delhi |
India |
10009200 |
16713200 |
| Calcutta |
India |
4670000 |
11387400 |
| Bangalore |
India |
4376100 |
5797900 |
| Chennai (Madras) |
India |
4298600 |
6550100 |
| Ahmadabad |
India |
3584000 |
3584000 |
| Hyderabad |
India |
3517300 |
5641700 |
| Pune |
India |
2589700 |
3828900 |
| Kanpur |
India |
2581600 |
2743000 |
| Surat |
India |
2481300 |
2866400 |
| Jaipur |
India |
2369700 |
2369700 |
| Lucknow |
India |
2250500 |
2250500 |
| Nagpur |
India |
2091400 |
2091400 |
| Indore |
India |
1628600 |
1671100 |
| Bhopal |
India |
1461900 |
1483200 |
| Ludhiana |
India |
1422300 |
1422300 |
| Patna |
India |
1403800 |
1740800 |
| Vadodara |
India |
1331500 |
1521500 |
| Agra |
India |
1284600 |
1284600 |
| Varanasi |
India |
1122200 |
1353900 |
| Nashik |
India |
1098000 |
1098000 |
| Mirat |
India |
1095200 |
1095200 |
| Haora |
India |
1028400 |
1028400 |
| Pimpri |
India |
1026100 |
1026100 |
| Allahabad |
India |
1009600 |
1009600 |
| Amritsar |
India |
994800 |
994800 |
| Visakhapatnam |
India |
988500 |
1355400 |
| Rajkot |
India |
985500 |
1021700 |
| Jabalpur |
India |
970100 |
1139000 |
| Koyampattur |
India |
941100 |
941100 |
| Madurai |
India |
940900 |
940900 |
| Srinagar |
India |
912400 |
912400 |
| Sholapur |
India |
890100 |
890100 |
| Ranchi |
India |
863000 |
879700 |
| Jodhpur |
India |
862900 |
872800 |
| Gwalior |
India |
843100 |
882700 |
| Vijayawada |
India |
841600 |
1030900 |
| Chandigarh |
India |
824600 |
824600 |
| Guwahati |
India |
823800 |
830500 |
| Hubli |
India |
801400 |
801400 |
| Tiruchchirappalli |
India |
760600 |
863700 |
| Thiruvananthapuram |
India |
759300 |
906600 |
| Mysore |
India |
756800 |
756800 |
| 纳孟买 |
India |
717700 |
717700 |
| Jalandhar |
India |
714900 |
764400 |
| Bareli |
India |
713500 |
744100 |
| Kota |
India |
709500 |
718500 |
| Selam |
India |
706800 |
706800 |
| Aligarh |
India |
680800 |
1116300 |
| Bhubaneswar |
India |
659900 |
1455300 |
| Moradabad |
India |
653800 |
653800 |
| Gorakhpur |
India |
636800 |
636800 |
| Raipur |
India |
617000 |
617000 |
| 嗨wandi |
India |
610400 |
633500 |
| Kochi (Cochin) |
India |
608100 |
608100 |
| Jamshedpur |
India |
581500 |
1123300 |
| 嗨lai |
India |
564700 |
941600 |
| Amravati |
India |
560100 |
1031100 |
| Bikaner |
India |
539300 |
539300 |
| Warangal |
India |
538900 |
588500 |
| Mira Bhayandar |
India |
530500 |
530500 |
| Guntur |
India |
524800 |
524800 |
| Bhavnagar |
India |
520900 |
527700 |
| Durgapur |
India |
502600 |
502600 |
| Asansol |
India |
495800 |
495800 |
| Kolhapur |
India |
494700 |
643500 |
| Ajmer |
India |
494700 |
494700 |
| Saharanpur |
India |
461800 |
461800 |
| Dehra Dun |
India |
456600 |
538200 |
| Jamnagar |
India |
456500 |
569400 |
| Bhatpara |
India |
450600 |
450600 |
| Sangli-Miraj |
India |
445200 |
445200 |
| Kozhikkod |
India |
445100 |
445100 |
| Nanded |
India |
439000 |
439000 |
| Ujjain |
India |
438300 |
439100 |
| Gulbarga |
India |
436300 |
444100 |
| Tirunelveli |
India |
419300 |
440000 |
| Malegaon |
India |
417200 |
417200 |
| Akola |
India |
407800 |
407800 |
| Belgaum |
India |
407400 |
516100 |
| Mangaluru |
India |
406500 |
406500 |
| Bokaro |
India |
401900 |
401900 |
| South Dum Dum |
India |
399800 |
399800 |
| 乌特迪尔 |
India |
396900 |
396900 |
| Maheshtala |
India |
396800 |
396800 |
| Jhansi |
India |
390700 |
472300 |
| Gaya |
India |
390700 |
390700 |
| Jammu |
India |
385800 |
619500 |
| Jalgaon |
India |
375800 |
375800 |
| Davanagere |
India |
370900 |
370900 |
| Kollam |
India |
368500 |
368500 |
| Panihati |
India |
355200 |
355200 |
| Tiruppur |
India |
353300 |
553400 |
| Dhule |
India |
348100 |
348100 |
| Bhagalpur |
India |
347000 |
356500 |
| Rajpur |
India |
343000 |
343000 |
| Thrissur |
India |
323700 |
336500 |
| Bellary |
India |
323200 |
323200 |
| Muzaffarnagar |
India |
322600 |
322600 |
| Korba |
India |
321900 |
321900 |
| Kamarhati |
India |
320500 |
320500 |
| Rajamahendri |
India |
319500 |
416300 |
| Ahmadnagar |
India |
313500 |
313500 |
| Muzaffarpur |
India |
311400 |
311400 |
| Patiala |
India |
308800 |
329600 |
| Chandrapur |
India |
303400 |
303400 |
| Ni Dilli |
India |
300500 |
300500 |
| Kulti |
India |
295700 |
295700 |
| Kakinada |
India |
295600 |
375900 |
| Brahmapur |
India |
295400 |
295400 |
| Nizamabad |
India |
292600 |
292600 |
| Rohtak |
India |
292400 |
300300 |
| Barddhaman |
India |
291500 |
291500 |
| Rampur |
India |
287000 |
287000 |
| 嗨lwara |
India |
285700 |
285700 |
| Firozabad |
India |
284200 |
440700 |
| Shimoga |
India |
279500 |
279500 |
| Rajarhat Gopalpur |
India |
277100 |
277100 |
| Karnul |
India |
273000 |
326900 |
| Darbhanga |
India |
272000 |
272000 |
| Bilaspur |
India |
270400 |
270400 |
| Lalbahadur Nagar |
India |
267100 |
267100 |
| Panipat |
India |
266800 |
360900 |
| Bally |
India |
266700 |
266700 |
| Alwar |
India |
265300 |
265300 |
| Parbhani |
India |
264200 |
264200 |
| Ichalkaranji |
India |
262600 |
291400 |
| Hisar |
India |
261800 |
268200 |
| Baranagar |
India |
255500 |
255500 |
| Tumkur |
India |
253400 |
253400 |
| Bijapur |
India |
250800 |
258300 |
| Ramagundam |
India |
240100 |
241200 |
| Jalna |
India |
240100 |
240100 |
| Sagar |
India |
236900 |
236900 |
| Bihar |
India |
236500 |
236500 |
| Barasat |
India |
236000 |
236000 |
| Dewas |
India |
235200 |
235200 |
| Aizawl |
India |
234200 |
234200 |
| Farrukhabad |
India |
232300 |
247300 |
| Tirupati |
India |
232100 |
232100 |
| Satna |
India |
229900 |
229900 |
| Raurkela |
India |
229000 |
493800 |
| Ratlam |
India |
225600 |
238000 |
| Anantapur |
India |
225300 |
225300 |
| Pondicherry |
India |
225100 |
515600 |
| Bathinda |
India |
221600 |
221600 |
| Imphal |
India |
221500 |
250800 |
| Thuthukkudi |
India |
220300 |
247600 |
| Thanjavur |
India |
219900 |
219900 |
| Hapur |
India |
216100 |
216100 |
| Etawah |
India |
215600 |
215600 |
| Ganganagar |
India |
214900 |
214900 |
| Karnal |
India |
214600 |
226400 |
| Nagercoil |
India |
212200 |
212200 |
| Kharagpur |
India |
212000 |
458500 |
| Raichur |
India |
209700 |
209700 |
| Mirzapur |
India |
209300 |
209300 |
| Bharatpur |
India |
208400 |
209100 |
| Sikandarabad |
India |
208200 |
208200 |
| Karimnagar |
India |
207800 |
220000 |
| Ulubaria |
India |
206000 |
206000 |
| Dhanbad |
India |
202800 |
1085100 |
| Dindigul |
India |
200500 |
200500 |
India: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use |
48.917 million (2003) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular |
26,154,400 (2003) |
| Roadways (km) |
total: 3,851,440 km
paved: 2,411,001 km
unpaved: 1,440,439 km (2002) |
India: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) |
total population: 64.35 years
male: 63.57 years
female: 65.16 years (2005 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate |
56.29 deaths/1,000 live births |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) |
0.9% (2001 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases |
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004) |
India : References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
森林覆盖率、森林类型分解的森林泰pes, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com |
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Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005